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The scientific community has made significant progress in our molecular understanding of sporadic and hereditary colorectal carcinogenesis and progression. Thie pertains to, e.g., the discovery of (mutated) oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, microsatellite instabilities, modifications in DNA repair, cellular aging, signaling cascades, genomic, epigenetic, transcriptional, translational, and protein modifications, as well as microbiotic factors and further parameters. Progression and metastasis have been more intensively studied, especially during recent years, leading to an intensified knowledge on molecular protagonists and microenvironmental interactions contributing to invasion, dissemination, and metastasis; still, more concerted efforts need to be made to better understand issues such as metastasis to different sites or the metastatic heterogeneity of single cells. Nevertheless, based on actual discoveries, personalized medicine, together with highly interdisciplinary therapeutic strategies combining advanced levels of surgical techniques, oncology, and radiation in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative settings, has started to improve the clinical prognosis of individual patients with colorectal cancer. The present Special Issue features articles of excellent international experts with the latest data in the fields mentioned. With this Special Issue, we aim to deepen discussions amongst colleagues in all kinds of disciplines working on this disease and to intensify interdisciplinary collaborations aimed at an ultimate understanding of strategies to defeat and prevent, colorectal cancer, and its progression.

Medicine --- Oncology --- Phage --- bacteriophages --- diet --- infection --- colorectal --- cancer --- nutrition --- circulating tumor cells --- colorectal cancer --- EPISPOT assay --- CellSearch® system --- predictive value --- chromatin density --- nanoscale --- tumour cell heterogeneity --- microRNAs --- metastasis --- super-resolution microscopy --- early onset --- cohort --- epidemiology --- liquid biopsy --- biomarker --- indirect carcinogenesis --- bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) --- chronic zoonosis --- multiplex --- tumor immunology --- immune landscape --- spontaneous feline intestinal tumors --- comparative oncology --- tumor budding --- CTNNB1 --- genome-wide methylation array --- methylation --- miRNA --- colon cancer --- personalized treatment --- drug combinations --- Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) --- polyp --- TIMPs --- MMP polymorphisms --- MMP targeting --- S100A4 --- DKK1 --- Wnt signaling --- patient survival --- gender --- rectal cancer --- radiochemotherapy --- radiosensitivity --- DNA double-strand breaks --- deposited energy --- quality of life --- blood values --- (molecular) carcinogenesis --- cancer progression --- (single) cancer cell heterogeneity --- models --- infectious agents --- (targeted) therapy --- personalized medicine

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What comes first, form or function? Trumpeted as the future of biological science, evolutionary developmental biology (or "evo-devo") answers this fundamental question by showing how evolution controls the development of organisms. In Forms of Becoming, Alessandro Minelli, a leading international figure in the field, takes an in-depth and comprehensive look at the history and key issues of evo-devo. Spirited and insightful, this book focuses on the innovative ways animal organisms evolve through competition and cooperation. Minelli provides a complete overview of conceptual developments--from the fierce nineteenth-century debates between the French biologists Geoffroy and Cuvier, who fought over questions of form versus function--to modern theories of how genes dictate body formation. The book's wide-ranging topics include expression patterns of genes, developmental bias, the role of developmental genes, and genetic determinism. Drawing from diverse examples, such as the anatomy of butterflies, giraffes, Siamese twins, and corals, Minelli extends and reformulates important concepts from development, evolution, and the interplay between the two. Presenting the accessible and cutting-edge ideas of evolutionary developmental biology, Forms of Becoming is fascinating reading for anyone interested in genetics and the animal form.

Evolutionary developmental biology. --- Adult. --- Amoeba. --- Animal. --- Annelid. --- Appendage. --- Aquatic animal. --- Arachnid. --- Arthropod. --- Autonomic nervous system. --- Biogeography. --- Biology. --- Blastomere. --- Blastula. --- Caenorhabditis elegans. --- Caterpillar. --- Cell division. --- Cestoda. --- Cilium. --- Cockroach. --- Common descent. --- Common species. --- Complication (medicine). --- Crayfish. --- Cuticle. --- Developmental biology. --- Dichotomy. --- Dictyostelium. --- Drosophila. --- Earthworm. --- Embryo. --- Evolution. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Fertilisation. --- Forelimb. --- Gamete. --- Gemmule. --- Gene. --- Germline. --- Ichthyostega. --- Information science. --- Insect. --- Institution. --- Larva. --- Leave No Trace. --- Mammal. --- Mating. --- Messenger RNA. --- Metabolism. --- Metacarpal bones. --- Microorganism. --- Millipede. --- Model organism. --- Molecular biology. --- Mollusca. --- Moulting. --- Muscle tissue. --- Muscle. --- Myoepithelial cell. --- Natural experiment. --- Natural selection. --- Nematode. --- Nervous tissue. --- Neural crest. --- Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book). --- Ontogeny. --- Organism. --- Ovary. --- Ovule. --- PAX6. --- Paleontology. --- Parasitoid. --- Polychaete. --- Polyembryony. --- Polyp (medicine). --- Protein. --- Queen ant. --- Recapitulation theory. --- Ruminant. --- Sea urchin. --- Sex. --- Soft tissue. --- Spermatozoon. --- Stephen Jay Gould. --- Swarm behaviour. --- Tendril. --- Tentacle. --- Testicle. --- Textbook. --- Transmission (medicine). --- Tropical fish. --- Tunicate. --- Uncertainty. --- Unicellular organism. --- University of Chicago Press. --- Vertebra. --- Vertebrate. --- Well-being. --- Zoology. --- Zygote.

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"The little-known history of how the Sahara was transformed from a green and fertile land into the largest hot desert in the world. The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, equal in size to China or the United States. Yet, this arid expanse was once a verdant, pleasant land, fed by rivers and lakes. The Sahara sustained abundant plant and animal life, such as Nile perch, turtles, crocodiles, and hippos, and attracted prehistoric hunters and herders. What transformed this land of lakes into a sea of sands? When the Sahara Was Green describes the remarkable history of Earth's greatest desert-including why its climate changed, the impact this had on human populations, and how scientists uncovered the evidence for these extraordinary events. From the Sahara's origins as savanna woodland and grassland to its current arid incarnation, Martin Williams takes us on a vivid journey through time. He describes how the desert's ancient rocks were first fashioned, how dinosaurs roamed freely across the land, and how it was later covered in tall trees. Along the way, Williams addresses many questions: Why was the Sahara previously much wetter, and will it be so again? Did humans contribute to its desertification? What was the impact of extreme climatic episodes-such as prolonged droughts-upon the Sahara's geology, ecology, and inhabitants? Williams also shows how plants, animals, and humans have adapted to the Sahara and what lessons we might learn for living in harmony with the harshest, driest conditions in an ever-changing global environment. A valuable look at how an iconic region has changed over millions of years, When the Sahara Was Green reveals the desert's surprising past to reflect on its present, as well as its possible future"--

Climatic changes --- Desertification --- Aridization of land --- Desertization --- Climatology --- Deserts --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change --- Sahara --- Climate --- History. --- Sahara Desert --- Africa, North --- Aeolian processes. --- Algae. --- Algeria. --- Alluvium. --- Americas. --- Andes. --- Anthozoa. --- Arid. --- Atlantic Ocean. --- Black coral. --- Bolivia. --- Carbon dioxide. --- Chad Basin. --- Chile. --- Climate change. --- Cnidaria. --- Cnidocyte. --- Coal. --- Coral reef. --- Date palm. --- Dendrochronology. --- Deriba Caldera. --- Desert climate. --- Desert. --- Desertification. --- Drought. --- Dry lake. --- Dry valley. --- Dune. --- Earth materials. --- Earth science. --- Earth's orbit. --- East Africa. --- Ecosystem. --- Ecuadorians. --- El Niño-Southern Oscillation. --- Emblem book. --- Erosion. --- Exploration. --- Far North (South Australia). --- Feather. --- Fertilizer. --- Fire coral. --- Goatskin (material). --- Google Earth. --- Grassland. --- Grazing. --- Great Sand Sea. --- Green development. --- Groundwater. --- Herbicide. --- Herder. --- Hippos. --- Iferouane. --- Inca Empire. --- Indo-Pacific. --- Kufra. --- Lake Chad. --- Land snail. --- Libyan Desert. --- Mauritania. --- Mediterranean Sea. --- Mesa. --- Microclimate. --- Monsoon. --- Neolithic. --- Nile. --- North Africa. --- North America. --- Overgrazing. --- Pastoralism. --- Perennial water. --- Pesticide. --- Photosynthesis. --- Plankton. --- Planula. --- Plate tectonics. --- Pollution. --- Polyp. --- Sahara. --- Sand. --- Savanna. --- Sediment. --- Semi-arid climate. --- Silt. --- Soil. --- Solar energy. --- Stolon. --- Stone tool. --- Surface layer. --- Temperate climate. --- Tentacle. --- The Natural Step. --- Tropics. --- Tunisia. --- Vegetation. --- Weathering. --- West Africa. --- Westerlies. --- Year. --- Paleoclimatology --- SCIENCE / Global Warming & Climate Change --- SCIENCE / History